VanEck: Bitcoin Could Reach $2.9 Million By 2050

Bitcoin (BTC) may no longer be a fringe speculative asset. According to a new long-term valuation framework from $161 billion investment firm VanEck, Bitcoin is transitioning into a structurally important monetary instrument, and the numbers suggest a radically higher long-term valuation.

In VanEck’s Base Case scenario, published on January 8, Bitcoin reaches $2.9 million per coin by 2050, implying a 15% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from current levels. 

That projection is not driven by hype or price momentum. It’s built on capital market assumptions, adoption modeling, and balance-sheet dynamics across global trade and central banking.

Bitcoin’s Valuation Is No Longer Based On Narratives

Traditional equity valuation models like discounted cash flow (DCF) or price-to-earnings ratios fail to capture Bitcoin’s role as a non-sovereign reserve asset. 

Instead, VanEck’s framework models Bitcoin’s penetration into two massive total addressable markets, including the Global Medium of Exchange (Settlement Layer) and Central Bank Reserve Assets.

In the Base Case scenario, Bitcoin becomes a settlement currency for 5-10% of global trade and a reserve asset comprising 2.5% of central bank balance sheets. That structural adoption supports a long-term valuation of $2.9 million per coin by 2050, with 15% annualized returns. 

Even VanEck’s Bear Case scenario projects Bitcoin at $130,000, implying that current prices already discount significant long-term utility.

Bitcoin’s Strategic Role In Institutional Portfolios

VanEck’s analysis treats Bitcoin as a convex reserve asset with a unique risk-return profile, with key characteristics such as high long-term return potential, low correlation to equities, bonds, and gold, strong negative correlation to the U.S. dollar, and a structural hedge against sovereign debt and monetary debasement.

Their capital market assumptions model Bitcoin as a diversifier, convex return enhancer, and a sovereign risk hedge, with suggested allocations including 1-3% in strategic portfolios and up to 20% (historically optimized Sharpe ratios) in high risk-tolerant portfolios. 

Small allocations, VanEck argues, have produced outsized portfolio efficiency gains due to Bitcoin’s asymmetric return profile.

The Sovereign Debt Super-Cycle Is The Real Catalyst

VanEck’s thesis rests on a macroeconomic regime shift. Developed markets are entering a sovereign debt super-cycle marked by exploding fiscal deficits, structural monetary debasement, rising counterparty risk, and erosion of trust in fiat reserve systems. In that environment, Bitcoin functions as the most established non-sovereign reserve asset.

The firm argues that the opportunity cost of zero exposure may now exceed the volatility risk of holding Bitcoin. In other words, not owning any Bitcoin may actually be the real risk.

The Bull Case: Hyper-Bitcoinization

VanEck also models an aggressive adoption scenario. 

If Bitcoin captures 20% of international trade, 10% of domestic GDP, and parity with gold as a reserve asset, then its implied valuation reaches $53.4 million per coin, representing a 29% CAGR over 25 years. 

That would make Bitcoin nearly 30% of global financial assets.

Why Liquidity Still Drives The Cycle

VanEck’s research confirms that Bitcoin remains a liquidity-driven asset in the short term. Over 50% of Bitcoin’s price variance is explained by changes in global M2 money supply. Derivatives leverage and futures open interest now drive most volatility events.

But structurally, Bitcoin is evolving from a speculative instrument into a monetary settlement layer, and ultimately a reserve balance-sheet asset. That transition defines the long-term valuation curve.

Bitcoin price today

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