Vitalik Buterin Explains Why Crypto Can Never Be Fully Secure

Ethereum (ETH) co-founder Vitalik Buterin has shared a new take on security, arguing that perfect safety in cryptocurrency systems is fundamentally impossible. In a detailed post, he reframed security as a gap between what users intend and what systems actually do. The idea challenges how wallets, apps, and even AI-driven tools are designed.

If his view spreads, it could reshape how developers approach everything from wallets to smart contract safety.

Vitalik’s Core Idea: Security Is About Intent

According to Buterin, security failures happen when systems misinterpret user intent. Even simple actions like sending crypto rely on messy real-world assumptions. A wallet might recognize an address, but it can’t truly verify the human context behind it.

In an X post he shared on February 22, he argues this makes perfect security impossible. The issue is the complexity of human intent itself, and not flawed machines or bad developers. People operate on common sense, but software works on rigid rules. Specifically:

“‘Perfect security’ is impossible (…) because ‘the user’s intent’ is fundamentally an extremely complex object that the user themselves does not have easy access to.”

This becomes even harder when privacy is involved. Encryption may hide content, yet metadata like timing and communication problems can still expose users. That gray zone, where intent and outcomes diverge, is where most risks live.

“Many people intuitively think that encrypting messages is enough, but the reality is that the metadata pattern of who talks to whom, and the timing pattern between messages etc., can leak a huge amount of information. What is a ‘trivial’ privacy loss, versus a ‘catastrophic’ loss?”

Why This Matters For Crypto And AI

Vitalik suggests the solution is not perfection but redundancy. Systems should confirm intent in multiple ways before acting. Examples include transaction simulations, multisig wallets, spending limits, and social recovery mechanisms.

“I would argue that the common trait of a good solution is: the user is specifying their intention in multiple, overlapping ways, and the system only acts when these specifications are aligned with each other.”

The same thinking extends to AI. He described large language models (LLMs) as one possible signal of intent, not a final authority. In his view, AI should assist security decisions, not control them.

“A generic LLM is (among other things) like a ‘shadow’ of the concept of human common sense. A user-fine-tuned LLM is like a ‘shadow’ of that user themselves, and can identify in a more fine-grained way what is normal vs. unusual.”

One key takeaway is counterintuitive. Strong security shouldn’t mean more friction everywhere. Low-risk actions should remain simple, whereas dangerous ones should require stronger confirmations. In his words:

“‘Security’ does NOT mean ‘make the user do more clicks for everything.’ Rather, security should mean: it should be easy (if not automated) to do low-risk things, and hard to do dangerous things.”

That balance, Vitalik says, is the real challenge ahead. And as crypto tools become more complex, his argument hints that the next evolution in security may look less like better code and more like better human alignment.

Elsewhere, the Ethereum Foundation (EF) has recently announced a major push to scale the network as it improves usability and security, its roadmap introducing three core tracks: scaling performance, improving user experience, and hardening the base layer, as TechGaged reported on February 19.

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